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Maxwell’s Demon: Information and the Second Law
Imagine a tiny being that sorts fast molecules from slow, seeming to create order for free and defy the second law.
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Least Action: Nature’s Economy
Of all the paths a system might take between two moments, it follows the one that makes a certain quantity least.
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Small-World Networks
In a huge web of connections, any two nodes may be surprisingly close.
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The Church-Turing Thesis: What Computation Means
What does it mean to compute? A remarkable claim holds that every intuitive notion of mechanical calculation amounts to the same thing.
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Tractability: Why Some Problems Resist
A problem solvable in principle may be unsolvable in practice.
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The Halting Problem: Limits of What Can Be Decided
Ask whether an arbitrary program will ever stop, and no general method can always answer.
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Autoencoding: Understanding by Reconstruction
Force a system to squeeze data through a narrow channel and rebuild it, and it must keep only what matters.
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The Binding Problem
A scene is not a heap of features but an arrangement of objects, each with its own properties.